INTRODUCTION:

SARS-CoV-2, one of the most destructive viral epidemics since SARS-CoV and MERS, emerged in China's Wuhan city seafood market in December 2019. Close contact with infected people or exposure to coughing, sneezing, and respiratory droplets were identified to spread the virus. It has already been claimed that it has spread to 216 nations and killed over 0.5 million people^1-5.

Brazil is now the new SARS-CoV-2 hotspot, following the United States, Russia, France, Italy, Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom, where more than 11 million individuals have been infected^6-9.

METHODS:

Materials:

SARS-COV-2 is a pleomorphic or spherical virus with a single-stranded RNA genome of 26.4-31.7 kb in length and a crown-like glycoprotein on its surface. It is more related to SARS CoV (more than 80% similar) than MERS^10-14. However, when compared to other RNA viruses, CoV-2's RNA genome is regarded to be one of the largest. ORF1ab encodes non-structural proteins, whereas the remaining ORFs encode four structural proteins: the envelope glycoprotein or spike protein (S), the envelope (E) protein, the membrane (M) protein, and the nucleocapsid (N) protein^15-19. The S protein mediates virus attachment to the host cell, whereas the E protein is involved in virus assembly, host cell membrane permeability, and virus-host cell contact.The M protein is recognized as the coronavirus assembly's major organizer, while the nucleocapsid (N) protein is normally involved in the processing of the helical ribonucleocapsid complex, which includes certain auxiliary proteins. Six types of mutations have been identified in the SARS-CoV-2 genome, with three reported in the orf 1ab gene, two in the S gene, and one in the orf 7b and orf 8 genes^20-26.

Proteomic study found that SARS CoV-2 is quite similar to SARS-CoV, however two proteins, orf 8 and orf 10, are not.To complete its life cycle, SARS CoV-2 enters the human body via the nose, mouth, or eyes and then connects to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) via the virion's surface glycoprotein (Spike-protein), which attempts to engage with the hACE2 receptor. The SARS-CoV-2 entrance mechanism is dependent on cellular transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) and furin, as well as the viral receptor ACE2. However, once the SARS-CoV-2 virion particle fuses with the host cell membrane, the virus's envelope and capsid are destroyed. The virus injects its genetic material (RNA) into the host cell cytoplasm, where it acts as mRNA for the translation of ORF1a and ORF1ab polypeptides.Following that, chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) separates these polypeptides into 16 non-structural proteins (NSPs) involved in replication and transcription. When infected cells are hijacked by SARS-CoV-2, they generate proteins. In this case, the immune system aids in the assembly of SARS-CoV-2 into new virion particles^25-27.

Freshly generated viral nucleic acids and proteins then congregate in the lumen of the ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment) and exit the cells via exocytosis. Infected cells produce virions that infect other human cells. The SARS-CoV-2 viral infection can be split into three stages: asymptomatic, non-severe symptomatic, and severe infection. SARS-CoV-2 patients have been found to have high levels of cytokines and chemokines; cytokine levels are especially high in patients admitted to ICUs. These abnormally high levels are what cause a patient to reach a critical stage²⁸. However, the spike glycoprotein, the major mediator of SARS-CoV-2, is present in two conformations, and the enzyme 3CLpro of SARS-CoV-2 shares 99.02% sequence identity with 3CLpro of SARS-CoV, which is also substantially similar to bat SARS CoV 3CLpro.SARS-CoV-2 has a stronger affinity for the host cell receptor than SARS-CoV. SARS-CoV-2 contains certain strategic changes with the substrate-binding site of bat SARS-CoV-2, and SARS-CoV-2 has 12 point alterations compared to SARS-CoV. SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro receptor binding site (RBS) mutations break major hydrogen bonding. However, recurring mutations can result in new strains with altered virulence, which is one of the reasons finding a good vaccine to combat SARS-CoV-2 is difficult²⁹.

CONCLUSION:

The findings of this systematic review indicate that using herbal remedies as an adjunct to Western Medicine treatment has an additional good effect and is likely to help relieve the core symptoms of COVID-19 disease (e.g., fever, cough, exhaustion) in a comparatively shorter length of time³⁰. The effect rate, chest CT pictures, WBC count, absolute lymphocyte count, lymphocyte percentage, and C-Reactive protein level all improved. However, because of the scarcity of high-quality clinical trials and the significant degree of variability in the included research, a more definitive conclusion on the effects of herbal therapies on lowering body temperature and adverse effects could not be reached at this time. There are some differences in the therapeutic effects of different herbal therapies³¹.Despite the fact that the COVID-19 pandemic is still ongoing, significant progress has been made in pathogen monitoring, identifying sources, fundamental etiology, and clinical therapy. Herbs from ancient systems of medicine may be beneficial in reducing disease symptoms, but more research is needed to fully understand their therapeutic potential. In the future, including traditional medicine into conventional treatment may be an alternative way for treating COVID-19. The worldwide situation, however, is dire, and countless questions remain unresolved. It will take the united efforts of traditional and Western medical institutions around the world to finally put an end to this pandemic. Scientists from all over the world are attempting to develop the most potent antiviral medicine to attack SARS CoV-2³⁰. In this case, our research highlighted some plant secondary metabolites that shown significant antiviral efficacy against coronaviruses by limiting the major machinery involved in their pathogenesis and reproduction cycle³¹. Numerous plant-derived compounds with promising anti-SARS-CoV and anti-SARS CoV-2 action were discovered by in-vitro, in-vivo, and in-silico studies. Plants are a vastly underappreciated source of bioactive chemicals having antiviral activity across the board³². Some traditional Chinese plant preparations have been reported to be anti-SARS CoV-2, and this formulation is also given to COVID patients^33-46.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The authors have no conflicts of interest.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:

The authors would like to thank NCBI, PubMed and Web of Science for the free database services for their kind support during this study.

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Received on 08.01.2023 Modified on 19.02.2023

Asian J. Nursing Education and Research. 2023; 13(2):141-144.

DOI: 10.52711/2349-2996.2023.00031